Skip to content Skip to sidebar Skip to footer
Home / Can I Use R134a in a R404a System

Can I Use R134a in a R404a System

Post a Comment

Substance in a refrigeration bicycle

A refrigerant is a working fluid used in the refrigeration bicycle of air workout systems and oestrus pumps where in most cases they undergo a repeated phase transition from a liquid to a gas and back again. Refrigerants are heavily regulated due to their toxicity, flammability and the contribution of Cfc and HCFC refrigerants to ozone depletion and that of HFC refrigerants to climate change.

History [edit]

The observed stabilization of HCFC concentrations (left graphs) and the growth of HFCs (right graphs) in earth's temper.

The kickoff air conditioners and refrigerators employed toxic or flammable gases, such as ammonia, sulfur dioxide, methyl chloride, or propane, that could consequence in fatal accidents when they leaked.[one]

In 1928 Thomas Midgley Jr. created the first not-flammable, non-toxic chlorofluorocarbon gas, Freon (R-12). The proper noun is a trademark proper name owned by DuPont (now Chemours) for any cfc (CFC), hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC), or hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerant. Post-obit the discovery of better synthesis methods, CFCs such as R-11,[2] R-12,[iii] R-123[two] and R-502[four] dominated the marketplace.

Stage out of CFCs [edit]

In the early 1980s, scientists discovered that CFCs were causing major damage to the ozone layer that protects the earth from ultra-violet radiation and the ozone holes over polar regions. This led to the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1989 which aimed to phase-out CFCs and HCFC[5] just did not address the contributions that HFCs made to climate change. The adoption of HCFCs such as R-22, and R-123[2] was accelerated and then were used in nearly U.S. homes in air conditioners and in chillers[6] from the 1980s every bit they have a dramatically lower Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) than CFCs, but their ODP was still non zero which led to their eventual stage-out.

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) such as R-134a,[7] R-143a, R-407a,[eight] R-407c,[ix] R-404a[4] and R-410a[10] (a 50/fifty alloy of R-125/R-32) were promoted equally replacements for CFCs and HCFCs in the 1990s and 2000s. HFCs were non ozone depleting merely did have global warming potentials (GWPs) thousands of times greater than CO2 with atmospheric lifetimes that can extend for decades. This in plough, starting from the 2010s, led to the adoption in new equipment of Hydrocarbon and HFO (hydrofluoroolefin) refrigerants R-32,[11] R-290,[12] R-600a,[12] R-454b,[13] R-1234yf,[14] R-514A,[15] R-744 (CO2),[xvi] R-1234ze[17] and R-1233zd,[18] which have both an ODP of zero and a lower GWP. Hydrocarbons and CO2 are sometimes chosen natural refrigerants because they can be institute in nature.

The environmental organization Greenpeace provided funding to a former E High german fridge company to research an culling ozone and climate-condom refrigerant in 1992. The company adult a hydrocarbon mix of isopentane and isobutane, simply as a condition of the contract with Greenpeace could not patent the technology, which led to its widespread adoption by other firms.[nineteen] [20] [21] Policy and political influence past corporate executives resisted change all the same[22] [23] and DuPont together with other companies blocked the refrigerant in the U.S. with the U.Due south. EPA.[24] [25]

Beginning on fourteen November 1994, the U.S. Environmental Protection Bureau restricted the auction, possession and apply of refrigerants to merely licensed technicians, per rules under sections 608 and 609 of the Clean Air Act.[26] In 1995, Germany made Chlorofluorocarbon refrigerators illegal.[27]

In 1996 Eurammon, a European non-profit initiative for natural refrigerants, was established and comprises European companies, institutions, and manufacture experts.[28] [29]

In 1997, FCs and HFCs were included in the Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate change.

In 2000 in the UK, the Ozone Regulations[30] came into force which banned the utilise of ozone-depleting HCFC refrigerants such every bit R22 in new systems. The Regulation banned the use of R22 equally a "top-upwards" fluid for maintenance betwixt 2010 for virgin fluid and from 2022 for recycled fluid.[ citation needed ]

Addressing greenhouse gases [edit]

With growing involvement in natural refrigerants equally alternatives to constructed refrigerants such as CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs, in 2004, Greenpeace worked with multinational corporations like Coca-Cola and Unilever, and after Pepsico and others, to create a corporate coalition called Refrigerants Naturally!.[27] [31] Four years later, Ben & Jerry'due south of Unilever and General Electrical began to have steps to back up production and use in the U.S.[32] Information technology is estimated that almost 75 percent of the refrigeration and ac sector has the potential to exist converted to natural refrigerants.[33]

In 2006, the EU adopted a Regulation on fluorinated greenhouse gases (FCs and HFCs) to encourage to transition to natural refrigerants (such as hydrocarbons). It was reported in 2010 and some refrigerants are being used as recreational drugs, leading to an extremely dangerous phenomenon known equally inhalant abuse.[34]

From 2011 the European Matrimony started to phase out refrigerants with a global warming potential (GWP) of more than than 150 in automotive air conditioning (GWP = 100 year warming potential of one kilogram of a gas relative to one kilogram of CO2) such equally the refrigerant HFC-134a (known as R-134a in North America) which has a GWP of 1550.[35] In the same year the EPA decided in favor of the ozone- and climate-rubber refrigerant for U.Due south. industry.[19] [36] [37]

A 2022 study past the nonprofit organisation "Drawdown" put proper refrigerant direction and disposal at the very summit of the list of climate impact solutions, with an touch on equivalent to eliminating over 17 years of US carbon dioxide emissions.[38]

In 2022 it was estimated that CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs were responsible for nearly 10% of straight radiative forcing from all long-lived anthropogenic greenhouse gases.[39] and in the same twelvemonth the UNEP published new voluntary guidelines,[40] however many countries have not notwithstanding ratified the Kigali Amendment.

With the brainstorm of the 2022 HFCs (including R-404a, R-134a and R-410a) are existence superseded: Residential air-conditioning systems and rut pumps are increasingly using R-32. This notwithstanding has a GWP of more than 600. Progessive devices use refrigerants with a almost no climate bear on: R-290 (propane), R-600 (isobutane) or R-1234yf (less flammable, in cars). In commercial refrigeration also COii (R-744) tin be used.

Desirable properties [edit]

The ideal refrigerant would be: not-corrosive, non-toxic, non-combustible, with no ozone depletion and global warming potential. It should preferably be natural with well-studied and low environmental affect. It also needs to have: a humid betoken that is somewhat below the target temperature (although humid signal can be adjusted past adjusting the pressure appropriately), a high heat of vaporization, a moderate density in liquid form, a relatively high density in gaseous course (which tin also exist adjusted by setting pressure appropriately), and a high critical temperature. Extremely high pressures should exist avoided. Newer refrigerants address the consequence of the damage that CFCs caused to the ozone layer and the contribution that HCFCs brand to climatic change, just some exercise raise issues relating to toxicity and / or flammability.[41]

Common refrigerants [edit]

Refrigerants with very low climate impact [edit]

With increasing regulations, refrigerants with a very low global warming potential are expected to play a dominant office in the 21st century,[42] in item R-290 and R-1234yf. Starting from most no market share in 2018,[43] low GWPO devices are gaining market share in 2022.

Code Chemical Name GWP 20yr[35] GWP 100yr[35] Condition Commentary
R-290 C3Height Propane three.three[44] increasing use Low cost, widely available and efficient. They likewise have zero ozone depletion potential and very low global warming potential. Despite the flammability, they are increasingly used in domestic refrigerators and heat pumps. In 2010, near i-3rd of all household refrigerators and freezers manufactured globally used isobutane or an isobutane/propane blend, and this was expected to increase to 75% by 2020.[45]
R-600a HC(CH3)3 Isobutane 3.three Widely used See R-290.
R-717 NH3 Ammonia 0 0[46] Widely used Has zero ozone depletion and zero global warming potential. Commonly used before the popularisation of CFCs it is again being considered, merely does suffer from the disadvantage of toxicity, and requiring corrosion resistant components, which restricts its domestic and small-scale-scale use. Anhydrous ammonia is widely used in industrial refrigeration applications and hockey rinks considering of its high energy efficiency and low cost.
R-1234yf HFO-1234yf CiiiH2F4 2,3,iii,3-Tetrafluoropropene <one Less performance but as well less flammable than R-290.[42] GM announced that information technology would starting time using "hydrofluoroolefin", HFO-1234yf, in all of its brands past 2013.[47]
R-744 CO2 Carbon dioxide ane 1 in employ Was used as a refrigerant prior to the discovery of CFCs (this was also the case for propane)[i] and now having a renaissance due to information technology being non-ozone depleting, not-toxic, not-flammable with a depression Global warming potential of 1. It may become the working fluid of choice to replace current HFCs in cars, supermarkets, and heat pumps. Coca-Cola has fielded COii-based drink coolers and the U.S. Army is considering CO2 refrigeration.[48] [49] Due to the need to operate at pressures of upwardly to 130 confined (1,900 psi; xiii,000 kPa), CO2 systems require highly resistant components, even so these take already been adult for mass product in many sectors.

Almost used [edit]

Code Chemic Proper name Global warming potential 20yr[35] GWP 100yr[35] Status Commentary
R-32 HFC-32 CH2Fii Difluoromethane 2430 677 widely in use Promoted as climate-friendly substitute for R-134a and R-410a, just all the same with high climate impact. Has excellent heat transfer and pressure driblet operation, both in condensation and vaporisation.[fifty] Information technology has a atmospheric lifetime of virtually 5 years.[51] Currently used in residential and commercial air-conditioners and heat pumps.
R-134a HFC-134a CH2FCF3 one,ane,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane 3790 1550 Widely used Most used in 2022 for hydronic heat pumps in Europa and USA in spite of high GWP.[43]
R-410a 50% R-32 / fifty% R-125 (pentafluoroethane) between 2430 (R-32) and 6350 (R-125) >677 Widely Used Well-nigh used in split heat pumps / AC past 2018. Almost 100% share in the Usa.[43]

Banned / Phased out [edit]

Code Chemical Proper name Global warming potential 20yr[35] GWP 100yr[35] Status Commentary
R-xi CFC-11 CCliiiF Trichlorofluoromethane 6900 4660 Banned Production was banned in developed countries past Montreal Protocol in 1996
R-12 CFC-12 CCl2F2 Dichlorodifluoromethane 10800 10200 Banned Likewise known equally Freon, a widely used cfc halomethane (Chlorofluorocarbon). Production was banned in developed countries past Montreal Protocol in 1996, and in developing countries (commodity 5 countries) in 2010.[52]
R-22 HCFC-22 CHClFii Chlorodifluoromethane 5280 1760 Being phased out A widely used hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) and powerful greenhouse gas with a GWP equal to 1810. Worldwide production of R-22 in 2008 was most 800Gg per year, up from almost 450Gg per year in 1998. R-438a (MO-99) is a R-22 replacement.[53]
R-123 HCFC-123 CHCl2CF3 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,i-trifluoroethane 292 79 US phase-out Used in large tonnage centrifugal chiller applications. All U.Southward. product and import of virgin HCFCs will be phased out by 2030, with express exceptions.[54] R-123 refrigerant was used to retrofit some chiller that used R-11 refrigerant Trichlorofluoromethane. The production of R-11 was banned in developed countries by Montreal Protocol in 1996.[55]

Other [edit]

Lawmaking Chemic Proper noun Global warming potential 20yr[35] GWP 100yr[35] Commentary
R-152a HFC-152a CHthreeCHFtwo Difluoroethane 506 138 as a compressed air duster.
R-407c Mixture of difluoromethane and pentafluoroethane and i,1,i,2-tetrafluoroethane a mixture of R-32, R-125, and R-134a
R-454B Difluoromethane and 2,3,three,3-Tetrafluoropropene HFOs blend of refrigerants Difluoromethane (R-32) and ii,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf).[56] [57] [58] [59]
R-513A an HFO/HFC blend (56% R-1234yf/44%R-134a) may supersede R-134a equally an interim culling[60]
R-514a HFO-1336mzz-Z/trans-1,two- dichloroethylene (t-DCE) A hydrofluoroolefin (HFO)-based refrigerant to replace R-123 in low pressure centrifugal chillers for commercial and industrial applications.[61] [62]

Refrigerant reclamation and disposal [edit]

Coolant and refrigerants are establish throughout the industrialized world, in homes, offices, and factories, in devices such as refrigerators, air conditioners, central air conditioning systems (HVAC), freezers, and dehumidifiers. When these units are serviced, there is a take chances that refrigerant gas will be vented into the temper either accidentally or intentionally, hence the creation of technician training and certification programs in order to ensure that the material is conserved and managed safely. Mistreatment of these gases has been shown to deplete the ozone layer and is suspected to contribute to global warming.[63]

With the exception of isobutane and propane (R600a, R441a and R290), ammonia and COtwo nether Section 608 of the Usa' Clean Air Act it is illegal to knowingly release any refrigerants into the atmosphere.[64] [65]

Refrigerant reclamation is the human activity of processing used refrigerant gas which has previously been used in some type of refrigeration loop such that it meets specifications for new refrigerant gas. In the U.s.a., the Clean Air Act of 1990 requires that used refrigerant be candy past a certified reclaimer, which must be licensed by the The states Ecology Protection Agency (EPA), and the textile must exist recovered and delivered to the reclaimer past EPA-certified technicians.[66]

Classification of refrigerants [edit]

Refrigerants may be divided into three classes according to their manner of assimilation or extraction of heat from the substances to exist refrigerated:[ citation needed ]

  • Form 1: This form includes refrigerants that cool by phase change (typically boiling), using the refrigerant's latent heat.
  • Class 2: These refrigerants absurd past temperature modify or 'sensible heat', the quantity of heat being the specific oestrus capacity x the temperature change. They are air, calcium chloride brine, sodium chloride brine, alcohol, and similar nonfreezing solutions. The purpose of Class ii refrigerants is to receive a reduction of temperature from Class one refrigerants and convey this lower temperature to the area to be cooled.
  • Class three: This grouping consists of solutions that contain absorbed vapors of liquefiable agents or refrigerating media. These solutions function by nature of their ability to conduct liquefiable vapors, which produce a cooling effect by the absorption of their heat of solution. They tin likewise be classified into many categories.

The R-# numbering system was developed by DuPont (which endemic the Freon trademark), and systematically identifies the molecular construction of refrigerants made with a unmarried halogenated hydrocarbon. The meaning of the codes is as follows:[ commendation needed ]

  • For saturated hydrocarbons, subtracting 90 from the concatenated numbers of carbon, hydrogen and fluorine atoms, respectively gives the assigned R#.[67]
  • If bromine is present, the number is followed by a capital B and then the number of bromine atoms.
  • Remaining bonds not accounted for are occupied by chlorine atoms.
  • A suffix of a lower-instance letter a, b, or c indicates increasingly unsymmetrical isomers.

For instance, R-134a has ii carbon atoms, 2 hydrogen atoms, and 4 fluorine atoms, an empirical formula of tetrafluoroethane. The "a" suffix indicates that the isomer is unbalanced past ane cantlet, giving i,1,1,ii-Tetrafluoroethane. R-134 (without the "a" suffix) would take a molecular construction of 1,i,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane.

  • The R-400 series is made up of zeotropic blends (those where the humid point of constituent compounds differs enough to pb to changes in relative concentration because of fractional distillation) and the R-500 series is made up of so-called azeotropic blends. The rightmost digit is assigned arbitrarily past ASHRAE, an manufacture standards system.
  • The R-700 series is made upwards of non-organic refrigerants, likewise designated by ASHRAE.

The aforementioned numbers are used with an R- prefix for generic refrigerants, with a "Propellant" prefix (e.g., "Propellant 12") for the aforementioned chemic used as a propellant for an aerosol spray, and with trade names for the compounds, such as "Freon 12". Recently, a practice of using abbreviations HFC- for hydrofluorocarbons, CFC- for chlorofluorocarbons, and HCFC- for hydrochlorofluorocarbons has arisen, because of the regulatory differences among these groups.[ commendation needed ]

See likewise [edit]

  • Alkali (Refrigerant)

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b "Archived re-create" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-13. Retrieved 2021-03-xxx . {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as championship (link)
  2. ^ a b c "Finally, a replacement for R123?". Cooling Mail. 17 October 2013.
  3. ^ https://www.hagerty.com/media/maintenance-and-tech/ac-dos-and-donts-refrigerants-and-the-police force/amp/ https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/download/3297/1244/
  4. ^ a b "What'south the Latest with R-404A?". www.achrnews.com.
  5. ^ "Air Conditioners & Dehumidifiers". Sylvane. July 2011.
  6. ^ "Archived re-create" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-07-20. Retrieved 2021-03-29 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived re-create as title (link)
  7. ^ https://www.achrnews.com/articles/135112-whats-happening-with-r-134a https://www.techtips.ie/Hella-Ireland/aircon-conversion-r12r134a.pdf
  8. ^ "R-407A Gains SNAP OK". world wide web.achrnews.com.
  9. ^ "June 26, 2009: Emerson Approves R-407A, R-407C for Copeland Discus Compressors". world wide web.achrnews.com.
  10. ^ "Taking New Refrigerants to the Peak". www.achrnews.com.
  11. ^ "Daikin reveals details of R32 VRV air conditioner". Cooling Post. 6 February 2020.
  12. ^ a b "Refrigerant blends to challenge hydrocarbon efficiencies". Cooling Post. 22 December 2019.
  13. ^ "An HVAC Technician's Guide to R-454B". www.achrnews.com.
  14. ^ https://autoexpert.com.au/posts/the-truth-about-new-automotive-air-conditioning-refrigerant-r1234yf https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?commodity=2524&context=iracc
  15. ^ "Trane adopts new low GWP refrigerant R514A". Cooling Post. xv June 2016.
  16. ^ "R404A – the alternatives". Cooling Post. 26 Feb 2014.
  17. ^ "Carrier expands R1234ze chiller range". Cooling Mail. 20 May 2020.
  18. ^ "Carrier confirms an HFO refrigerant futurity". Cooling Post. 5 June 2019.
  19. ^ a b "Happy birthday, Greenfreeze!". Greenpeace. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  20. ^ "Ozone Secretariat". United nations Surroundings Programme. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015.
  21. ^ Gunkel, Christoph (13 September 2013). "Öko-Insurrection aus Ostdeutschland". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  22. ^ Mate, John "Making a Divergence: A Case Written report of the Greenpeace Ozone Campaign" RECIEL 10:2 2001.
  23. ^ Benedick, Richard Elliot Ozone Affairs Cambridge, MA: Harvard University 1991.
  24. ^ "Discurso de Frank Guggenheim no lançamento practice Greenfreeze | Brasil". Greenpeace.org . Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  25. ^ "Der Greenfreeze - endlich in den Us angekommen". Greenpeace.de (in German language). 28 December 2011. Retrieved ten June 2015.
  26. ^ "Complying With The Section 608 Refrigerant Recycling Rule | Ozone Layer Protection - Regulatory Programs". Epa.gov. 21 April 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  27. ^ a b "Greenfreeze: a Revolution in Domestic Refrigeration". ecomall.com . Retrieved eight June 2015.
  28. ^ "Company background".
  29. ^ IPCC/TEAP Special Study: Safeguarding the ozone layer and the global climate System: problems related to Hydrofluorocarbons and Perfluorocarbons, 2005. [i] Crowley, Thomas J.; "Causes of Climate Change Over the Past 1000 Years" Science 14 July 2000: Vol. 289. no. 5477, pp. 270–277.
  30. ^ "2010 to 2022 regime policy: environmental quality". GOV.UK. 8 May 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  31. ^ "PepsiCo Brings First Climate-Friendly Vending Machines to the U.South." phx.corporate-ir.internet . Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  32. ^ "Climate-Friendly Greenfreezers Come to the United States". WNBC. Retrieved viii June 2015.
  33. ^ Data, Reports and (7 Baronial 2020). "Natural Refrigerants Market To Reach USD 2.88 Billion By 2027 | Reports and Data". GlobeNewswire News Room . Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  34. ^ Harris, Catharine. "Anti-inhalant Abuse Campaign Targets Edifice Codes: 'Huffing' of Air conditioning Refrigerant a Dangerous Take chances." The Nation's Health. American Public Health Association, 2010. Web. 5 December 2010. https://www.thenationshealth.org/content/39/4/20
  35. ^ a b c d eastward f g h i IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch8 2013, p. 714;731-737
  36. ^ "GreenFreeze". Greenpeace.
  37. ^ "Significant New Alternatives Program: Substitutes in Household Refrigerators and Freezers". Epa.gov. 13 November 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
  38. ^ Berwald, Juli (29 Apr 2019). "One disregarded way to fight climate change? Dispose of old CFCs". National Geographic - Environment . Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  39. ^ Butler J. and Montzka S. (2020). "The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Alphabetize (AGGI)". NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory/Globe System Inquiry Laboratories.
  40. ^ Environs, U. N. (31 October 2019). "New guidelines for air conditioners and refrigerators set to tackle climate change". UN Environment . Retrieved thirty March 2020.
  41. ^ Rosenthal, Elisabeth; Lehren, Andrew (twenty June 2011). "Relief in Every Window, only Global Worry Too". The New York Times . Retrieved 21 June 2012.
  42. ^ a b Yadev at al 2022 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYadev_at_al2022 (assist)
  43. ^ a b c BSRIA 2020
  44. ^ "European Commission on retrofit refrigerants for stationary applications" (PDF). Archived from the original on August v, 2009. Retrieved 2010-10-29 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  45. ^ "Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Hydrocarbon Refrigerants" (PDF). Environment Protection Agency . Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  46. ^ ARB 2022
  47. ^ GM First to Market Greenhouse Gas-Friendly Ac Refrigerant in U.S.
  48. ^ "The Coca-Cola Company Announces Adoption of HFC-Free Insulation in Refrigeration Units to Combat Global Warming". The Coca-Cola Company. v June 2006. Retrieved eleven Oct 2007.
  49. ^ "Modine reinforces its CO2 research efforts". R744.com. 28 June 2007. Archived from the original on 10 February 2008.
  50. ^ Longo, Giovanni A.; Mancin, Simone; Righetti, Giulia; Zilio, Claudio (2015). "HFC32 vaporisation inside a Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger (BPHE): Experimental measurements and IR thermography assay". International Periodical of Refrigeration. 57: 77–86. doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.04.017.
  51. ^ May 2010 TEAP XXI/9 Task Strength Written report
  52. ^ "1:Update on Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODSs) and Other Gases of Involvement to the Montreal Protocol". Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 2018 (PDF) (Global Ozone Inquiry and Monitoring Projection–Report No. 58 ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organisation. 2018. p. 1.10. ISBN978-1-7329317-1-8 . Retrieved 22 Nov 2020.
  53. ^ [i] Chemours M099 equally R22 Replacement
  54. ^ [ii] Management of HCFC-123 through the Phaseout and Beyond | EPA | Published Baronial 2022 | Retrieved Dec. eighteen, 2021
  55. ^ [3] Refrigerant R11 (R-11), Freon 11 (Freon R-11) Properties & Replacement
  56. ^ [iv] R-454B XL41 Refrigerant Fact & Info Sheet
  57. ^ [5] R-454B Emerges As A Replacement For R-410A | ACHR NEWS (Air Conditioning, Heating, Refrigeration News)
  58. ^ [6] CCARRIER introduces [R-454B] PURON ADVANCE™ as the next generation refrigerant for ducted residential, light commercial products in North America | Indianapolis - 19 December 2018
  59. ^ [7] Johnson Controls Selects R-454B As Hereafter Refrigerant For New HVAC Equipment | 27 May 2021
  60. ^ [viii] A Conversation on Refrigerants | ASHRAE Journal, March 2022 | page 30, column 1, paragraph 2
  61. ^ [nine] Opteon™ XP30 (R-514A) Refrigerant
  62. ^ [10] Trane adopts new low GWP refrigerant R514A | fifteen June 2016
  63. ^ "Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1998 - Executive Summary". 18 Baronial 2000. Archived from the original on 18 August 2000.
  64. ^ "Often Asked Questions on Section 608". Environment Protection Agency . Retrieved twenty December 2013.
  65. ^ "U.s.a. hydrocarbons". Retrieved v August 2018.
  66. ^ "42 U.S. Code § 7671g - National recycling and emission reduction program". LII / Legal Information Establish.
  67. ^ "Numbering Scheme for Ozone-Depleting Substances and their Substitutes". Retrieved 25 December 2015.

Sources [edit]

IPCC reports [edit]

  • IPCC (2013). Stocker, T. F.; Qin, D.; Plattner, Yard.-Thou.; Tignor, Thousand.; et al. (eds.). Climate change 2013: The Concrete Science Footing (PDF). Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Console on Climatic change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United states: Cambridge University Printing. ISBN978-i-107-05799-9. (pb: 978-1-107-66182-0). https://annal.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/
    • Myhre, One thousand.; Shindell, D.; Bréon, F.-M.; Collins, W.; et al. (2013). "Chapter 8: Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing" (PDF). Climate Modify 2013: The Physical Science Ground. Contribution of Working Group I to the 5th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. pp. 659–740.

Other [edit]

  • "Loftier GWP refrigerants". California Air Resource Board. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  • "BSRIA's view on refrigerant trends in Ac and Heat Pump segments". 2020. Retrieved 2022-02-14 .
  • Yadav, Saurabh; Liu, Jie; Kim, Sung Chul (2022). "A comprehensive study on 21st-century refrigerants - R290 and R1234yf: A review". International Journal of Oestrus and Mass Transfer. 122. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121947. Retrieved 2022-02-14 .

External links [edit]

  • U.s.a. Environmental Protection Agency page on the GWPs of various substances
  • Green Cooling Initiative on alternative natural refrigerants cooling technologies
  • International Institute of Refrigeration Archived 2018-09-25 at the Wayback Machine

gosstittheir.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerant

You may like these posts

Post a Comment for "Can I Use R134a in a R404a System"